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Lugolus is also known as green stone. It is an opaque or translucent blue, blue -purple or blue -green quasi -gem. The green stone color is the body of Tibetan Buddhist Chinese medicine masters and Buddhism.
The English name of the green goldstone is Lapis Lazuli, from Latin Lapis Lazuli, the former means gemstone, and the latter refers to blue (gemstone). Its crafts are called "green gold", and it is known as "Jin Bi", "Dai Dai" or "Li Liuli" in ancient times.
Them sodium stone minerals in the silicate-shaped structure of the greenite, the chemical molecular formula is (NA, CA) 4-8 (alsio4) 6 (SO4, S, CL) 1-2 Essence The axis system of the genus. The crystal shape is a diamond -shaped duodang, and the collection body is dense and granular structure. The color is dark blue, purple blue, sky blue, green blue, etc. If it contains more square fangs, it is striped -like white, and when it contains a yellow iron ore, it is yellow on the blue base, glass luster and waxy luster, light blue, translucent to opaque. The average body, a discount rate of 1.5, a double refractive index 0.010. Hardness is 5-6, and the density of pure green stone is 2.38-2.45g/cm3, and the general green stone jade material is 2.7-2.9g/cm3. The explanation is not developed, and the fracture is different. Send an orange point light under the long wave ultraviolet light, and the white fluorescence is emitted under short waves of ultraviolet rays. Under the color filter mirror, it is light red, and it is slowly dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
The difference between green gold stones and similar jade. There are square sodium stones, blue square stones, and blue copper mines that are easily confused with greenite. The fakes and substitutes that impersonate green stone have color jasper, color spinels, color jade jade, ingredients imitation green gold, and dyeing marble. Similar jade characteristics are as follows: Fang sodium stone (also known as soda), with a coarse crystal structure, uniform color, 5.5-6, density of 2.15-2.35, a discount rate of 1.483-1.487, the texture is not as uniform as greenite, there are orange and pink pink Color fluorescence. Blue square stone, orange -red fluorescent, density of 2.44-2.5g/cm3, a discount rate of 1.49-1.504. Blue copper ore, small hardness, 3.5-4, a discount rate of 1.73-1.83, crispy, non -large tight blocks. The colorful jasper (also known as the Swiss green gold) is made of artificial coloring with chalcedony and other puzzles. The hardness is 6.5-7, and the discount rate is 1.54-1.55. Symatic spinel (also known as color green gold), artificial coloring with cobalt salt, high hardness, 8, a discount rate 1.71-1.72. The color jade (also known as the colorful green gold), light blue, can not see the yellow iron ore, the oil is strong, the hardness is 2.5-4, and the discount rate is 1.56-1.57. Material imitation of green gold, imitation of glass, consisting of colorful dark blue sulfur or glass, can not see pyrite, glass luster, shell -shaped fracture, and crispy. Dyeing Dali, small hardness, small knife is easy to engraved, and there is obvious response to hydrochloric acid.
's evaluation and purchase of greening stone. There are four main types of lapisim stone: lapies stone, green gold, giving birth stone, and Jinge waves. The process of laparimite requires those with dark blue, crackless, impurities without impurities, and delicate texture. Lushimite is suitable for women, and a few lapis lazuli on the small and exquisite gold necklaces or other jewelry, which is unique. Lushimite is also suitable for men. Men's dresses are equipped with dark green stone jewelry, which adds men's grace. Stay away from high -temperature overheating environments when wearing to prevent color loss. After the green stone jewelry is defiled, it must not be soaked and rinsed with water to avoid the surface dirt penetrates inside. During the purchase, it is distinguished from the similar jade to prevent it from being fooled.
one of the ancient jade. It has won the love of the people of all Eastern countries with its bright blue. In ancient Egypt in ancient Egypt by thousands of years BC, the value of green stone and gold is equivalent. In ancient India, Iran and other countries, lapies stone, turquoise and coral are all famous jade varieties. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, wearing Lugosite was considered a sign of wealth. Lao Jinshi was also known as "emperor" because of its "color as heaven", which was very popular with ancient emperors. The green stone is dignified and easy to engrave, and it has maintained the prestige of a first -class jade material. People also believe that lapisis can treat depression and intermittent fever. Lushimite is also used as painting pigments.
The greening stones are formed by exposing metamorphic effects, which are mainly existing in silicate-magnesium silicon rocks and calcium silicon hacks. The main producing areas of Lugolus are the United States, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Chile, Canada, Pakistan, India and Angola. China has not found Longjin Stone Mining so far.
Qladying stone, its craftsmanship is "green gold". The Persian Persian in Lvkin Stone is called "La Shuwa", Arabic and "Labur", Indian represented "Thunder and Wower", and Zhang Jun harmony "Lin" or "Liuli". Therefore, some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that the ancient Chinese "Liuli", "sulfur" or "Liuli" refers to the lapisha. However, we should also notice that in ancient my country, people identified jade from color without paying attention to its texture. Although the texture is similar in color, its name can still be the same. "Lin or" Liuli "must be green stone, because they often refer to other blue or green jade or gems. Lvkin stone, its jade material is composed of greenite minerals. It usually contains square loses and pyrite, and sometimes a small amount of permeability is also appeared. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Its hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7-2.9. Lushimite has a unique blue, dark blue, light blue and light blue color, etc., according to the different color and can be divided into: dark blue and thick but not black in the green jujube; Those who are more than greenite minerals; those who give birth to the light blue and white squares containing white squares are named because the source procedures are named by the ancients using this stone as a birthplace. In ancient my country, the burial green stone included: "with its color green, this is used to rise to the road of the sky", and it is mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Lvkin stone is a traditional jade imported since ancient times, and most of them are from Afghanistan. So far, no place of origin of the green quartz clock in my country has been found in China. Jade, as a mineral, has a certain price in today's market. Usually a 15 × 20mm nephrite, the price is between 6?/FONT> 40 US dollars. One piece of 15 × 20mm size of the size is different in color, the price is very large, the thick green, the price is between 550-8500 US dollars; the green is between the $ 100-55 US dollars; White and reddish brown are generally priced between $ 3-40; a piece of green pine of 15 × 20mm, and the quality of its quality is between 8-70 US dollars.
I Golden Stone was developed and used by Central Asian countries as early as 6000 years ago. my country began in the Western Han Dynasty. The names at that time were "Lan Chi", "Golden", "Dai Dai" and so on. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the green stone has been "hue like the sky", and the heavens are high, so the emperor of the Ming and Qing dynasties heavy green stone. It is now stored in more than 20,000 Qing Palace Tibetan jade that is preserved in the Palace Museum, and there are less than a hundred green stone sculptures.
The good green stone color is dark blue and pure, without cracks, delicate texture, and no square stone impurities. The excluding Venus (yellow iron ore) or beautiful Venus is the top product. The hardness of the green stone is 5 to 6, with a glass -like luster and slightly grease. The world's famous lapis lazuli produced in Afghanistan, Chile, former Soviet Union and Canada. But the first push Afghanistan. The green stone produced by Aguo has a uniform dark blue to the sky blue. The micro -amount of mortar pyrite in the crystal structure of the extremely fine particles makes it refined under the sun. Laoshi was called "treasure" by the Arab Muslim country.
Ilains can be used as jade carvings and jewelry. The green stone carving process in my country is first -class, especially after the founding of the country, the lapisite decoration, mountains, pendants, jewelry and other exports from Beijing Jade Factory are exported overseas. At present, the fire in Afghanistan has continued, making the import of raw materials very difficult.
Lapis Lazuli Ilains, just like green stones and turquoise, were loved by people thousands of years ago. The main producing areas of Lugolus are Afghan, Russia, and Chile. Among them, Afghanistan is the best quality. 1. Basic features The mineral ingredients are mainly lapigraphic stone, followed by yellow iron ore, square decomposite and transparency. It color dark blue, purple blue, blue purple transparentness and transparency glossy glass luster hardness 5.5 n The discount rate is about 1.50, and sometimes it can reach 1.67 The red This in Charles Filtering mirror 2. The purple blue background is accompanied by the highlights of the pyrine and the white square of the stone or plaques, which is slightly transparent, and the luster is dull and soft. Fine -grained structure. The refractive index is 1.50 and the density is 2.7-2.9 g/cm3.
Golden stone jade material is composed of lapisolite minerals, which often contains square lipsticks and pyrite, and sometimes a small amount of permeability. The average content of lapisima minerals made of Afghanistan accounted for 25-40 %. Jade is unique blue, dark blue, light blue and group blue. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7 to 2.9. Those with dark blue and thick but not black are called "green gold"; when the content of dark blue and yellow iron ore is more than greenite minerals, it is called "golden grid"; Those who are called "spawning stones" (this name comes from the ancients of the ancients used lapigraphic stone as a giving birth).
Ilains were called "璆 璆" or "Liuli" in ancient times. They were mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Because of its color, it can reach the road of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was home, ... with glazed treasures as turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists.
So far, my country has not found the place of origin of the green stone. Famous ancient producing areas in Persia and Soviet Union. According to records, Afghan and Soviet Lakes produced in Lake Baikal have entered China. If we have greenite in the tomb, the source of its jade material is not Afghanistan, it may be the product of Lake Baikal. D green stone usually has two meanings.
The alkaline aluminum silicate mineral. Chemical (NA, CA) 7 ~ 8 (al, si) 12 (o, s) 24 [SO4, CL2 (OH) 2]. Among them, the sodium is often replaced by potassium, and the sulfur part is sulfate, chlorine and selenium replacement. Because the research on mineral green stone is not yet thorough, there are other different writing methods for their chemical formulas, such as: (NACA) 8 (ALSI04) 6 (SO4, CL, S) 2 and other shaft systems, which are slightly transparent. The refractive index is n = 1.50, dark blue, blue purple, sky blue, light blue or green blue. The relative density is 2.7 ~ 2.9, and the lapies stone will slowly release hydrogen sulfide when encountering hydrochloric acid. The explanation is not developed, the fracture is different, and the stripe marks are light blue. Relative density 2.4 ~ 3. Send an orange point light under the long wave ultraviolet light, and the white fluorescence is emitted under short waves of ultraviolet rays. Under the color filter mirror, it is light red The rocks dominated by greenite minerals. Under this meaning, lapisol is a hidden crystal collection of lapisite minerals and also contains a small amount of impurities such as pyrite and square stone. Essence Glass luster to wax -like luster. The refractive index n = 1.502 ~ 1.505.
[Edit] The cultural significance of Qantan Stone "Shi Ya" cloud: "The color of the green stone is like the sky, or the recovery dander is scattered, brilliant, if the stars are in the sky," Essence Therefore, in ancient China, lapishaes were usually used as a symbol of the majesty of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was the mound, ... with the glazed miscellaneous treasure as the turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is the green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists. According to the "Classic of the Qinghui": "The emperor's pearls miscellaneous, but the heavenly altar uses green stone, amber for earth altars, corals for the heaven, and the turquoise of the moon altar; Huang Yu, corals with the sun altar, white jade for moon altars. " All use jade color to symbolize the sky, earth, sun, and moon, of which heaven is the top. Because the green stone jade is "hue like the sky", it is particularly reused whether it is a bead or a belt. Buddhism also uses green stone color as a majestic image of Buddhism. At the same time, Lugin Stone was also regarded by the Arab country as "treasure" and Afghanistan also regarded it as the "national stone" of its own country.
[Edit] The choice of greening stone Ilains are uniform color without cracks in the selection, and the texture is delicate and beautiful. Golden Star does not affect quality. However, if the golden stars are dark, dark, or if the content of the square is too much on the surface, a large area of white spots will be greatly reduced.
[Edit] Laoshi origin The producing areas include the United States, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Chile, Canada, Pakistan, India and Angola. Afghanistan is produced in the country's Budahoshang Province, which is the most famous of the Sale Sange Mine.
[Edit] The cause of the green stone The cause type of the green gold stone jade mine is exposed to explain the selenium cardite type Fang Lingshi, yellow iron ore, sometimes a small amount of permeability. The average content of lapisima minerals made of Afghanistan accounted for 25-40 %. Jade is unique blue, dark blue, light blue and group blue. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7 to 2.9. Those with dark blue and thick but not black are called "green gold"; when the content of dark blue and yellow iron ore is more than greenite minerals, it is called "golden grid"; Those who are called "spawning stones" (this name comes from the ancients of the ancients used lapishaes as a giving birth).
Ilains were called "璆 璆" or "Liuli" in ancient times. They were mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Because of its color, it can reach the road of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was home, ... with glazed treasures as turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists.
So far, my country has not found the place of origin of the green stone. Famous ancient producing areas in Persia and Soviet Union. According to records, Afghan and Soviet Lakes produced in Lake Baikal have entered China. If we have greenite in the tomb, the source of its jade material is not Afghanistan, it may be the product of Lake Baikal
jade are synonymous in my country. The ancients regarded jade as treasures, and today people call precious jade as treasure jade. my country is a country of jade, but the current domestic jewelry, archeological and geological circles are different from the definition of jade, jade and gems. At present, the jade specialty refers to the internationally referred to is nephrite and hard jade (emerald), and other jade carving stone is collectively called jade. Gem is a collection of special optical effects consisting of one or more minerals. Most of them are monocrystallines of certain minerals, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, cat eyes, tourmaline, purple toothwurs, etc.
. The hard jade
19th century, the French miner Demul divided the Chinese "jade" into nephrite and hard jade (see the Geological Intelligence Institute: "" Emerald's "Foreign Geological Technology", No. 2, 1981). Steel jade, commonly known as "emerald" in my country, is a rising star in the traditional jade in China, and the top product of all jade in modern times.
The emerald whether it is "mountain material" (native ore) or "seed material" (secondary ore), which is mainly a dense block composed of cashmere minerals. Observations under the microscope, the roller minerals that form emeralds are closely intertwined to form the fiber structure of emerald. This tight fibrous structure makes jadeite have delicate and tough characteristics.
This is composed of a steel and aluminum silicate mineral. Pure is colorless or white. The chemical components of the block are: silicon dioxide accounted for 58.28 %, sodium oxide accounted for 13.94 %, calcium oxide accounted for 1.62 %, magnesium oxide accounted for O.91 %, triterma oxide and two iron accounted for O.64 %. In addition, it also contained a trace amount Chromium, nickel, etc. Among them, chromium is the main factor that makes emerald green green. Generally, emerald contains chromium oxide O.2 ~ O.5 %, and it is more than 2 to 3.75 %.
The emerald hardness is 7, and the proportion is 3.33. Mineral discounts: ng = 1.667, np = 1.654; weight to 0.012.
M common jadeite colors include white, gray, powder, light brown, green, green, yellow green, purple red, etc., most of them are opaque, individual transparent, with glass luster. Divided by color and texture, there are gem green, gorgeous green, yellow -yang green, yang green, glass green, paroxymaline green, spinach green, light water green, light yang green, frog green, melon skin green, plum green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green , Gray Green, Oil Green, and Violet and Powder Flores.
The jadeite clearly referred to in my country, which may begin in the Song Dynasty. The "Xijing Fu" of the Han Dynasty, the "Xidu Fu" of Ban Gu, and the emerald mentioned by the "Yutai Xin Yong Poetry" of the six dynasties Xu Ling may refer to the jasper in the soft jade, not the hard jade. It is precisely because the hard jade was not available in the Tang Dynasty. Recently, British historian Lee Joseph said in the third volume of "History of Chinese Science and Technology" saying that before the 18th century, the Chinese did not know what kind of rough jade was. In the future, the ricksters were imported from Yunnan to China from the place of origin of Myanmar. Not long ago, the Soviet geologist Ji Yilinko also pointed out that Myanmar's secondary emerald mine was found in 1871, which has been mining for more than a hundred years. null. The native emeralds of the Wulong River Valley in Myanmar have been mining as early as the 13th century (at the end of the Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty) (see "Foreign Geological Technology"). In my country, the emeralds before the Ming Dynasty have not been found from the court and unearthed cultural relics. Therefore, when the Chinese call the jade jade, when the Burmese emerald enters China, it has always been a mystery that has not figured out. We look forward to new discoveries in archeologists to solve this historical case.
Lugolus
is also known as green stone. It is an opaque or translucent blue, blue -purple or blue -green quasi -gem. The green stone color is the body of Tibetan Buddhist Chinese medicine masters and Buddhism.
The English name of the green goldstone is Lapis Lazuli, from Latin Lapis Lazuli, the former means gemstone, and the latter refers to blue (gemstone). Its crafts are called "green gold", and it is known as "Jin Bi", "Dai Dai" or "Li Liuli" in ancient times.
Them sodium stone minerals in the silicate-shaped structure of the greenite, the chemical molecular formula is (NA, CA) 4-8 (alsio4) 6 (SO4, S, CL) 1-2 Essence The axis system of the genus. The crystal shape is a diamond -shaped duodang, and the collection body is dense and granular structure. The color is dark blue, purple blue, sky blue, green blue, etc. If it contains more square fangs, it is striped -like white, and when it contains a yellow iron ore, it is yellow on the blue base, glass luster and waxy luster, light blue, translucent to opaque. The average body, a discount rate of 1.5, a double refractive index 0.010. Hardness is 5-6, and the density of pure green stone is 2.38-2.45g/cm3, and the general green stone jade material is 2.7-2.9g/cm3. The explanation is not developed, and the fracture is different. Send an orange point light under the long wave ultraviolet light, and the white fluorescence is emitted under short waves of ultraviolet rays. Under the color filter mirror, it is light red, and it is slowly dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
The difference between green gold stones and similar jade. There are square sodium stones, blue square stones, and blue copper mines that are easily confused with greenite. The fakes and substitutes that impersonate green stone have color jasper, color spinels, color jade jade, ingredients imitation green gold, and dyeing marble. Similar jade characteristics are as follows: Fang sodium stone (also known as soda), with a coarse crystal structure, uniform color, 5.5-6, density of 2.15-2.35, a discount rate of 1.483-1.487, the texture is not as uniform as greenite, there are orange and pink pink Color fluorescence. Blue square stone, orange -red fluorescent, density of 2.44-2.5g/cm3, a discount rate of 1.49-1.504. Blue copper ore, small hardness, 3.5-4, a discount rate of 1.73-1.83, crispy, non -large tight blocks. The colorful jasper (also known as the Swiss green gold) is made of artificial coloring with chalcedony and other puzzles. The hardness is 6.5-7, and the discount rate is 1.54-1.55. Symatic spinel (also known as color green gold), artificial coloring with cobalt salt, high hardness, 8, a discount rate 1.71-1.72. The color jade (also known as the colorful green gold), light blue, can not see the yellow iron ore, the oil is strong, the hardness is 2.5-4, and the discount rate is 1.56-1.57. Material imitation of green gold, imitation of glass, consisting of colorful dark blue sulfur or glass, can not see pyrite, glass luster, shell -shaped fracture, and crispy. Dyeing Dali, small hardness, small knife is easy to engraved, and there is obvious response to hydrochloric acid.
's evaluation and purchase of greening stone. There are four main types of lapisim stone: lapies stone, green gold, giving birth stone, and Jinge waves. The process of laparimite requires those with dark blue, crackless, impurities without impurities, and delicate texture. Lushimite is suitable for women, and a few lapis lazuli on the small and exquisite gold necklaces or other jewelry, which is unique. Lushimite is also suitable for men. Men's dresses are equipped with dark green stone jewelry, which adds men's grace. Stay away from high -temperature overheating environments when wearing to prevent color loss. After the green stone jewelry is defiled, it must not be soaked and rinsed with water to avoid the surface dirt penetrates inside. During the purchase, it is distinguished from the similar jade to prevent it from being fooled.
one of the ancient jade. It has won the love of the people of all Eastern countries with its bright blue. In ancient Egypt in ancient Egypt by thousands of years BC, the value of green stone and gold is equivalent. In ancient India, Iran and other countries, lapies stone, turquoise and coral are all famous jade varieties. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, wearing Lugosite was considered a sign of wealth. Lao Jinshi was also known as "emperor" because of its "color as heaven", which was very popular with ancient emperors. The green stone is dignified and easy to engrave, and it has maintained the prestige of a first -class jade material. People also believe that lapisis can treat depression and intermittent fever. Lushimite is also used as painting pigments.
The greening stones are formed by exposing metamorphic effects, which are mainly existing in silicate-magnesium silicon rocks and calcium silicon hacks. The main producing areas of Lugolus are the United States, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Chile, Canada, Pakistan, India and Angola. China has not found Longjin Stone Mining so far.
Qladying stone, its craftsmanship is "green gold". The Persian Persian in Lvkin Stone is called "La Shuwa", Arabic and "Labur", Indian represented "Thunder and Wower", and Zhang Jun harmony "Lin" or "Liuli". Therefore, some Chinese and foreign scholars believe that the ancient Chinese "Liuli", "sulfur" or "Liuli" refers to the lapisha. However, we should also notice that in ancient my country, people identified jade from color without paying attention to its texture. Although the texture is similar in color, its name can still be the same. "Lin or" Liuli "must be green stone, because they often refer to other blue or green jade or gems. Lvkin stone, its jade material is composed of greenite minerals. It usually contains square loses and pyrite, and sometimes a small amount of permeability is also appeared. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Its hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7-2.9. Lushimite has a unique blue, dark blue, light blue and light blue color, etc., according to the different color and can be divided into: dark blue and thick but not black in the green jujube; Those who are more than greenite minerals; those who give birth to the light blue and white squares containing white squares are named because the source procedures are named by the ancients using this stone as a birthplace. In ancient my country, the burial green stone included: "with its color green, this is used to rise to the road of the sky", and it is mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Lvkin stone is a traditional jade imported since ancient times, and most of them are from Afghanistan. So far, no place of origin of the green quartz clock in my country has been found in China. Jade, as a mineral, has a certain price in today's market. Usually a 15 × 20mm nephrite, the price is between 6?/FONT> 40 US dollars. One piece of 15 × 20mm size of the size is different in color, the price is very large, the thick green, the price is between 550-8500 US dollars; the green is between the $ 100-55 US dollars; White and reddish brown are generally priced between $ 3-40; a piece of green pine of 15 × 20mm, and the quality of its quality is between 8-70 US dollars.
I Golden Stone was developed and used by Central Asian countries as early as 6000 years ago. my country began in the Western Han Dynasty. The names at that time were "Lan Chi", "Golden", "Dai Dai" and so on. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the green stone has been "hue like the sky", and the heavens are high, so the emperor of the Ming and Qing dynasties heavy green stone. It is now stored in more than 20,000 Qing Palace Tibetan jade that is preserved in the Palace Museum, and there are less than a hundred green stone sculptures.
The good green stone color is dark blue and pure, without cracks, delicate texture, and no square stone impurities. The excluding Venus (yellow iron ore) or beautiful Venus is the top product. The hardness of the green stone is 5 to 6, with a glass -like luster and slightly grease. The world's famous lapis lazuli produced in Afghanistan, Chile, former Soviet Union and Canada. But the first push Afghanistan. The green stone produced by Aguo has a uniform dark blue to the sky blue. The micro -amount of mortar pyrite in the crystal structure of the extremely fine particles makes it refined under the sun. Laoshi was called "treasure" by the Arab Muslim country.
Ilains can be used as jade carvings and jewelry. The green stone carving process in my country is first -class, especially after the founding of the country, the lapisite decoration, mountains, pendants, jewelry and other exports from Beijing Jade Factory are exported overseas. At present, the fire in Afghanistan has continued, making the import of raw materials very difficult.
Lapis Lazuli
Ilains, just like green stones and turquoise, were loved by people thousands of years ago. The main producing areas of Lugolus are Afghan, Russia, and Chile. Among them, Afghanistan is the best quality.
1. Basic features
The mineral ingredients are mainly lapigraphic stone, followed by yellow iron ore, square decomposite and transparency.
It color dark blue, purple blue, blue purple
transparentness and transparency
glossy glass luster
hardness 5.5
n The discount rate is about 1.50, and sometimes it can reach 1.67
The red
This in Charles Filtering mirror
2. The purple blue background is accompanied by the highlights of the pyrine and the white square of the stone or plaques, which is slightly transparent, and the luster is dull and soft. Fine -grained structure. The refractive index is 1.50 and the density is 2.7-2.9 g/cm3.
Golden stone jade material is composed of lapisolite minerals, which often contains square lipsticks and pyrite, and sometimes a small amount of permeability. The average content of lapisima minerals made of Afghanistan accounted for 25-40 %. Jade is unique blue, dark blue, light blue and group blue. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7 to 2.9. Those with dark blue and thick but not black are called "green gold"; when the content of dark blue and yellow iron ore is more than greenite minerals, it is called "golden grid"; Those who are called "spawning stones" (this name comes from the ancients of the ancients used lapigraphic stone as a giving birth).
Ilains were called "璆 璆" or "Liuli" in ancient times. They were mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Because of its color, it can reach the road of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was home, ... with glazed treasures as turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists.
So far, my country has not found the place of origin of the green stone. Famous ancient producing areas in Persia and Soviet Union. According to records, Afghan and Soviet Lakes produced in Lake Baikal have entered China. If we have greenite in the tomb, the source of its jade material is not Afghanistan, it may be the product of Lake Baikal.
D green stone usually has two meanings.
The alkaline aluminum silicate mineral. Chemical (NA, CA) 7 ~ 8 (al, si) 12 (o, s) 24 [SO4, CL2 (OH) 2]. Among them, the sodium is often replaced by potassium, and the sulfur part is sulfate, chlorine and selenium replacement. Because the research on mineral green stone is not yet thorough, there are other different writing methods for their chemical formulas, such as: (NACA) 8 (ALSI04) 6 (SO4, CL, S) 2 and other shaft systems, which are slightly transparent. The refractive index is n = 1.50, dark blue, blue purple, sky blue, light blue or green blue. The relative density is 2.7 ~ 2.9, and the lapies stone will slowly release hydrogen sulfide when encountering hydrochloric acid. The explanation is not developed, the fracture is different, and the stripe marks are light blue. Relative density 2.4 ~ 3. Send an orange point light under the long wave ultraviolet light, and the white fluorescence is emitted under short waves of ultraviolet rays. Under the color filter mirror, it is light red
The rocks dominated by greenite minerals. Under this meaning, lapisol is a hidden crystal collection of lapisite minerals and also contains a small amount of impurities such as pyrite and square stone. Essence Glass luster to wax -like luster. The refractive index n = 1.502 ~ 1.505.
[Edit] The cultural significance of Qantan Stone
"Shi Ya" cloud: "The color of the green stone is like the sky, or the recovery dander is scattered, brilliant, if the stars are in the sky," Essence Therefore, in ancient China, lapishaes were usually used as a symbol of the majesty of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was the mound, ... with the glazed miscellaneous treasure as the turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is the green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists. According to the "Classic of the Qinghui": "The emperor's pearls miscellaneous, but the heavenly altar uses green stone, amber for earth altars, corals for the heaven, and the turquoise of the moon altar; Huang Yu, corals with the sun altar, white jade for moon altars. " All use jade color to symbolize the sky, earth, sun, and moon, of which heaven is the top. Because the green stone jade is "hue like the sky", it is particularly reused whether it is a bead or a belt. Buddhism also uses green stone color as a majestic image of Buddhism. At the same time, Lugin Stone was also regarded by the Arab country as "treasure" and Afghanistan also regarded it as the "national stone" of its own country.
[Edit] The choice of greening stone
Ilains are uniform color without cracks in the selection, and the texture is delicate and beautiful. Golden Star does not affect quality. However, if the golden stars are dark, dark, or if the content of the square is too much on the surface, a large area of white spots will be greatly reduced.
[Edit] Laoshi origin
The producing areas include the United States, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Chile, Canada, Pakistan, India and Angola. Afghanistan is produced in the country's Budahoshang Province, which is the most famous of the Sale Sange Mine.
[Edit] The cause of the green stone
The cause type of the green gold stone jade mine is exposed to explain the selenium cardite type
Fang Lingshi, yellow iron ore, sometimes a small amount of permeability. The average content of lapisima minerals made of Afghanistan accounted for 25-40 %. Jade is unique blue, dark blue, light blue and group blue. Occascular, glass to grease luster. Hardness is 5.5, and the proportion is 2.7 to 2.9. Those with dark blue and thick but not black are called "green gold"; when the content of dark blue and yellow iron ore is more than greenite minerals, it is called "golden grid"; Those who are called "spawning stones" (this name comes from the ancients of the ancients used lapishaes as a giving birth).
Ilains were called "璆 璆" or "Liuli" in ancient times. They were mostly used to make the emperor's funeral. Because of its color, it can reach the road of heaven. "Pickup" Volume five years: "In the past, the emperor was home, ... with glazed treasures as turtle fish." Some people think that the "glazed" here is green stone. However, the ancients discerned gems. They were not in quality. They were similar in color. Although their qualities were different, their names were still the same. Therefore, whether there is a green stone in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, archeologists need to be verified. Foreign scholar Herzhi believes that China has lapisolia stone in the 2nd century AD (Eastern Han), and Zhang Hongzhao believes in the three generations of China in "Shi Ya". This dispute also needs to be resolved by archeologists.
So far, my country has not found the place of origin of the green stone. Famous ancient producing areas in Persia and Soviet Union. According to records, Afghan and Soviet Lakes produced in Lake Baikal have entered China. If we have greenite in the tomb, the source of its jade material is not Afghanistan, it may be the product of Lake Baikal
The types and origin of jade
jade are synonymous in my country. The ancients regarded jade as treasures, and today people call precious jade as treasure jade. my country is a country of jade, but the current domestic jewelry, archeological and geological circles are different from the definition of jade, jade and gems. At present, the jade specialty refers to the internationally referred to is nephrite and hard jade (emerald), and other jade carving stone is collectively called jade. Gem is a collection of special optical effects consisting of one or more minerals. Most of them are monocrystallines of certain minerals, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, cat eyes, tourmaline, purple toothwurs, etc.
. The hard jade
19th century, the French miner Demul divided the Chinese "jade" into nephrite and hard jade (see the Geological Intelligence Institute: "" Emerald's "Foreign Geological Technology", No. 2, 1981). Steel jade, commonly known as "emerald" in my country, is a rising star in the traditional jade in China, and the top product of all jade in modern times.
The emerald whether it is "mountain material" (native ore) or "seed material" (secondary ore), which is mainly a dense block composed of cashmere minerals. Observations under the microscope, the roller minerals that form emeralds are closely intertwined to form the fiber structure of emerald. This tight fibrous structure makes jadeite have delicate and tough characteristics.
This is composed of a steel and aluminum silicate mineral. Pure is colorless or white. The chemical components of the block are: silicon dioxide accounted for 58.28 %, sodium oxide accounted for 13.94 %, calcium oxide accounted for 1.62 %, magnesium oxide accounted for O.91 %, triterma oxide and two iron accounted for O.64 %. In addition, it also contained a trace amount Chromium, nickel, etc. Among them, chromium is the main factor that makes emerald green green. Generally, emerald contains chromium oxide O.2 ~ O.5 %, and it is more than 2 to 3.75 %.
The emerald hardness is 7, and the proportion is 3.33. Mineral discounts: ng = 1.667, np = 1.654; weight to 0.012.
M common jadeite colors include white, gray, powder, light brown, green, green, yellow green, purple red, etc., most of them are opaque, individual transparent, with glass luster. Divided by color and texture, there are gem green, gorgeous green, yellow -yang green, yang green, glass green, paroxymaline green, spinach green, light water green, light yang green, frog green, melon skin green, plum green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green, blue green , Gray Green, Oil Green, and Violet and Powder Flores.
The jadeite clearly referred to in my country, which may begin in the Song Dynasty. The "Xijing Fu" of the Han Dynasty, the "Xidu Fu" of Ban Gu, and the emerald mentioned by the "Yutai Xin Yong Poetry" of the six dynasties Xu Ling may refer to the jasper in the soft jade, not the hard jade. It is precisely because the hard jade was not available in the Tang Dynasty. Recently, British historian Lee Joseph said in the third volume of "History of Chinese Science and Technology" saying that before the 18th century, the Chinese did not know what kind of rough jade was. In the future, the ricksters were imported from Yunnan to China from the place of origin of Myanmar. Not long ago, the Soviet geologist Ji Yilinko also pointed out that Myanmar's secondary emerald mine was found in 1871, which has been mining for more than a hundred years. null. The native emeralds of the Wulong River Valley in Myanmar have been mining as early as the 13th century (at the end of the Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty) (see "Foreign Geological Technology"). In my country, the emeralds before the Ming Dynasty have not been found from the court and unearthed cultural relics. Therefore, when the Chinese call the jade jade, when the Burmese emerald enters China, it has always been a mystery that has not figured out. We look forward to new discoveries in archeologists to solve this historical case.