wholesale costume jewelry sets Why can the Fed's acquisition of government bonds stimulate the credit market?

Tricia

November 29, 2022 at 10:18 pm

wholesale indian costume jewelry To put it simply, the interest is low, everyone goes to borrow money,
The Federal Reserve System (FED) is responsible for fulfilling the duties of the Central Bank of the United States. This system is based on the Federal Reserve Law ( Federal Reserve Act was established in 1913. This system is mainly composed of the Federal Reserve Committee, Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Public Marketing Committee.
The main responsibilities
1. Formulate and responsible for implementing relevant monetary policies;
2. Supervisor the banking institutions and protect consumers' legal credit rights;
. Maintain finance The stability of the system;
4. The US government, the public, financial institutions, and foreign institutions provide reliable financial services.
[Edit this paragraph] The Federal Reserve Board
's core institutions of the federal reserve system are the Federal Reserve Board (Fed (Federal Reserve; its full name is The Board of the Federal Reserve System, that is, the Federation The reserve system management committee can also be called the federal reserve system council), which is a federal government agency, and its office is located in Washington, USA (D.C.). The committee consists of seven members (including one chairman and one vice chairman and five members). For four years, it can be re -elected).
[Edit this paragraph] The basic functions of the Federal Reserve
1. Three main means (open market operation, stipulate bank reserve ratio, and approve the discount rate required by federal reserve banks) to achieve related currencies) to achieve related currencies Policies;
. Supervision, guide the activities of various federal reserve banks;
3. Supervisory American banks, and member banks overseas activities and foreign bank activities in the United States;
4 2. Approve the budget and expenses of various federal reserves banks;
5. Three of the nine directors of each federal reserve bank;
6. Approval of the reserve bank governor nominated by the board of directors of various federal reserve banks Candidates;
7. Exercise the right to serve as a national payment system;
8. The implementation of relevant laws responsible for protecting consumer credit;
9. According to "Hamfle. The Humphrey Hawkins Act regulations, reports to Congress on February 20 and July 20 each year (similar to the semi -annual report);
10. Through various publications through various publications Detailed statistical data to the public announcement of the federal reserve system and the state's economic operation status, such as the annual Federal Reserve Bulletin through the first month of the federal reserve system (Federal Reserve Bulletin); Report (requiring public accounting firms for public nature) and budget reports (requiring audit from the General Administration of Audit of the United States);
12. In addition, the chairman of the committee also needs to hold related meetings with the US President and Finance Minister in time and timely time Report the relevant situation and fulfill your duties in international affairs.
[Edit this paragraph] Federal Reserve Bank
The 12 federal reserve banks of the federal reserve banking area as the central bank system for the central bank system of Congress. , Divide 12 reserve areas across the country, set up a federal reserve bank branch in each district. Each regional reserve bank is a legal person and has its own board of directors. Member banks are private banks in the United States. Except for national banks that must be member banks, whether the remaining banks have joined all depending on voluntary. Joining the federal reserve system will provide guarantees for the private deposits of member banks, but a certain amount of deposit reserves must be paid. For this part of the funds, the federal reserve system will not pay interest.
Prior to campaign presidents of Clinton, the Federal Reserve has used the "only pole" of monetary policy to regulate the economy, that is, the determination of determination of currency supply as the main means to regulate the economy, and formally decided to revise every 6 months every 6 months. Currency supply target. In the afternoon and July, the Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan suddenly announced that in the future, the actual interest rate is the main means to regulate the economy in the future. It is difficult to be included in the amount of currency supply. The inevitable connection between the money supply and economic growth is broken, so the "neutral" monetary policy prompts the interest rate level to maintain neutrality. The economy is neither stimulating nor suppressing the effect, so that the economy will grow under low inflation expectations with its own potential growth rate and further investigate. The Federal Reserve is based on the actual annual economic growth rate as the main basis for adjusting interest rates, and all policy arrangements are based on reverse thinking as the basic starting point. The Fed believes that the average annual growth rate of US labor power is 1.5 % and the average annual growth rate of productivity is 1 %. Therefore, the potential annual economic growth rate of the United States is about 2.5 %. Basically stable at about 2.5 %. To relieve the worries of inflation.
[Edit this paragraph] The Federal Public Marketing Committee
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).
The Federal Public Marketing Committee is another important institution in the federal reserve system. It consists of twelve members, including: seven members of the Federal Reserve Committee, and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The other four places are taken turns to take turns of the governor of the other 11 federal reserve banks. The committee has a chairman (usually chairman of the Federal Reserve Committee), and a vice chairman (usually the president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank). The meeting, but there is no right to vote.
The main tasks of the Federal Open Market Committee are using open market operations (one of the main monetary policies) to some extent affect the reserves of currencies on the market. In addition, it is also responsible for determining the scope of the growth of total currency (that is, the number of currency newly invested in the market) and guide the federal reserve banks in the foreign exchange market.
The main decisions of this committee must be voted through a discussion meeting. They hold eight routine meetings in Washington Special Economic Zone each year. Usually, it is mainly related to the negotiation of the call meeting. Of course, special meetings can also be held if necessary.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction of the Federal Reserve nThe Federal Reserve (FED) is the highest monetary policy authority in the United States. It is responsible for custody of commercial bank reserves, loans to commercial banks and issuing federal reserve coupons. FED is divided into three layers of organizations, with a maximum of councils. Below is a member bank of 12 federal reserves and various reserve banks.
The Federal Reserve Agency takes "independence" and "checks and balances" as the basic principle. In terms of checks and balances, the seven directors of the bureau (including the chairman and vice chairman) are nominated by the president and must be approved by the Senate. For the resolutions of monetary policy, such as raising or lowering the discount rate, adopting the withdrawal and voting system, one person and one vote, and for the "recorded voting", the chairman's vote is usually voted to the most of the original party. Although the president can master the nominations of the directors, the chairman, and vice chairman, the term of office is 14 years, and the term of office may be up to the five presidents at most.
Is in terms of independence, FED is the most praised by personnel independence and budget independence. In addition to the council, there is also a Federal Public Market Operation Committee (FOMC). The authorization operation of foreign exchange operations and foreign exchange operation procedures for foreign exchange operations.
Due to the strong position of the US dollar in the international currency market, the Federal Reserve's intervention in the foreign exchange market has attracted much attention from the foreign exchange market. When the yen rises due to the trade surplus, if the Bank of Japan wants to successfully interfere with the foreign exchange market, it is best to get the assistance and cooperation of the Fed.
The Federal Reserve Bureau is also the head of the US monetary policy. Since October 1993, the US economic prosperity has risen rapidly, which has a risk of inflation. ) Without public opinion and political pressure, seven consecutive increases and re -discount rates have made the US economy successfully landing and exempting the threat of inflation.
is not an exaggeration. To this day, few economists may know that the Fed is actually a private central bank. The so -called "Federal Reserve Bank" is actually neither "federal", nor "reserves", nor "banks". Most Chinese government officials may take it for granted that the US government issued the US dollar. The actual situation is that the US government does not have monetary issuance at all! After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, the US government eventually lost the only "silver dollar" issuance right. If the U.S. government wants to get the US dollar, it must mortgage the future taxes (Treasury bonds) of the American people to the private Federal Reserve to issue the "Federal Reserve Voucher" by the Federal Reserve. This is the "US dollar".
[Edit this paragraph] Other Federal Federal
For many years, who has the Federal Reserve has always been a taboo topic. The Federal Reserve is always self -stating. Like the Bank of England, the Federal Reserve strictly keeps secrets on shareholders.
The member Wright Patman () as the chairman of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Monetary Committee for 40 years. In 20 years, he has continuously proposed to abolish the Federal Reserve. He has been trying to find out who owns the Fed Essence This secret was finally discovered, and the author of "The Secret of the Federal Reserve", Yusteas, finally got the original business license () of 12 Federal Reserve bank after nearly half a century, which clearly recorded each Federal Reserve. Bank shares composition.
Fed the Federal Reserve New York is the actual controller of the Federal Reserve system. It recorded the total number of shares of the shares of 203053 shares on May 19, 1914, which: Rockefeller and Kunrebo Under the control of the company, the New York City State Bank (), the predecessor of Citibank, has the most shares and holds 30,000 shares; JP Morgan's First National Bank () has 15,000 shares; when the two companies merged in 1955, it was merged into a consolidation into a merger in 1955. After Citi Bank, it has nearly a quarter of the Bank of New York Bank of New York. It actually determines the Federal Reserve Chairman's candidate. Essence
The National Commercial Bank of New York () of Paul Wryberg () has 21,000 shares; Hanover Bank (), a director of the Roscard family, has 10,200 shares; Chase Bank () has 6,000 shares; Hanhua Bank () owns 6,000 shares; these six banks hold a total of 40%of the Federal Reserve New York Bank. By 1983, they had a total of 53%of the shares. After the adjustment, their shareholding ratio is: Citi Bank 15%, Grand Chase Manhattan 14%, JP Morgan Trust () 9%, Hanover manufacturing () 7%, Hanhua Bank () 8%.
The registered capital of the Federal Reserve New York Bank is $ 433 million. Whether these banks have paid this money are still a mystery. Some historians believe that they have only paid half of their cash, while others believe that they have not issued any cash at all, but only paid with a check, and only a few numbers of numbers on their own Federal Reserve accounts have changed the account Just, the operation of the Federal Reserve is actually "paid with paper". No wonder some historians ridicule the federal reserve banking system are neither "federal" nor "reserves" nor banks.
On June 15, 1978, the US Senate Government Affairs Committee () issued a report on the interaction problem of the interests of major US companies. There are 3.6 directors in each major company in each major company. Among them, Citi Bank controlled 97 directors; JP Morgan controlled 99; Hanhua Bank controlled 96; Datong Manhattan controlled 89; Hanover manufactured 89.
On September 3, 1914, when the New York Times sold shares at the Federal Reserve, the composition of major banks shares: New York City National Bank issued 2,500,000 shares, Jims Steelman owned 47498 shares; JP; JP; JP Morgan 14500; William Rockefeller 10,000 shares; John Rockefeller 1,750 shares; the State Commercial Bank of New York issued 2,500,000 shares, George Baker owned 10,000 shares; JP Morgan 7800 shares; Mary Harriman 5650 shares; Paul Wobberg 3,000 shares; 1,000 shares of Jacob. Datong Bank, George Baker has 13,408 shares. Hanover Bank, James Steelman has 4,000 shares; William Rockefeller 1540 shares.
Since the establishment of the United States Federal Reserve in 1913, the irrefutable facts show that bankers have manipulated US financial life pulse, industrial and commercial life pulse, and political lifeblood. In the past, this is still the case. These Wall Street bankers are closely linked to the Roscard family in London.
The unknown federal consulting committee
The federal consulting committee is a secret remote control device carefully designed by Paul Werberg to control the Fed's board of directors. In the operation of the Fed for more than 90 years, the Federal Consulting Commission has excellently realized Paul's concept that year. Few people have noticed the operation of this institution and its operation, and there are no large number of literatures to study.
In 1913 Grass's concept of vigorously promoting the federal consulting committee in the House of Representatives, he said: "There is no evil thing in it. A member represents the Federal Reserve area where we are. Can we still protect the public's interests more than this arrangement? "Member Glas himself is a banker himself. He has not explained or provided any evidence to show that the banker has protected it in the history of the United States. Pass the public's interests.
Fed the Federal Consultation Committee consisting of 12 Federal Reserve banks selected one representative. They talk to members of the Federal Reserve Board four times a year in Washington, DC, and banks propose to the Federal Reserve directors' "suggestions" of various monetary policies. Each banker represents the economic interests of the region, and each has the same voting rights. It is theoretically impeccable, but in the fierce and cruel reality of the banking industry, it is completely another set of "hidden rules". It is difficult to imagine that a Cincinnatti small banker and international financial giants such as Paul Volberg and JP Morgan sit at a conference table and make "suggestions for monetary policy" to these giants? Any one of the two giants can just find two checks from their pockets to make two strokes enough to make this small banking family out of their homes. In fact, the survival of each small and medium -sized bank in the 12 Federal Reserve regions depends entirely on the gifts of the five major bank giants on Wall Street. "Satellite Bank" goes to handle, and "Satellite Bank" naturally has a better post -ears to get these high returns, and the five giants also have these small banks' shares. When these small banks and five giants sit in one place to explore the US monetary policy, they do not need too much imagination to know the results of the discussion.
Hir, there is no mandatory binding force on the Fed's directors' decisions of the Federal Reserve's "Suggestions", but the Wall Street Five Giants ran to Washington four times a year. They would not drink coffee with several Federal Reserve. You know, if they are super busy with directors like Morgan, if their "suggestions" are not considered, and they still have to run back and forth, it is really strange.
The debt dollar is "refined"
The non -financial professional readers may need to read the following content repeatedly in order to fully understand the "money -making process" of the Fed and banking institutions. This is the core "commercial secret" of the Western financial industry.
Ilads that the U.S. government does not issue coins, and only if the debt is issued, and then uses government bonds to the private Central Bank of the Federal Reserve for mortgage, can we issue currencies through the Fed and commercial banking systems, so the source of the US dollar is on government bonds.
The first step, Congress approves the scale of government bonds. The Ministry of Finance designed the national bond into different types of bonds. Among them, the one-year period is called T-Bills (). The age is called T-Bonds. These bonds are auctioned in the open market at different times at different frequencies. The Ministry of Finance finally sent all the Treasury bonds that were not sold in the auction and trading to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve was received in full. At this time, the Fed's account recorded these Treasury bonds under the "securities assets" () item.
The because the US government is mortgaged by the US government in the future, it is considered to be the "most reliable asset" in the world. When the Federal Reserve has received this "asset", it can use it to generate a liability, which is the "Federal Reserve check" printed by the Federal Reserve. This is the key step of "omnipotent". Behind the first check from the Federal Reserve, there is no money to support this "empty check".
This is a step of exquisite design and camouflage. Its existence makes it easier for government auction bonds to control "supply and demand". Show a large number of marks of printing money. The Federal Reserve, which is obviously a white wolf, turned out to be completely balanced on the accounting account. The "assets" of government bonds are equal to the "liabilities" of currencies. The entire banking system is cleverly wrapped under this shell.
This is a simple and vital step, creating the biggest unfair in the world. The people's future taxes were mortgaged by the government to private central banks to "borrow" US dollars. Because they "borrowed money" from private banks, the government owed huge interest. Its unfair body is now:
. The people's future tax should not be mortgaged, because the money has not been earned, and the mortgage future will inevitably lead to depreciation of the currency purchasing power, which will hurt the people's savings.
. The people's future tax should not be mortgaged to the private central bank. Baseders suddenly have the promise of the people's future tax in the case of almost no money. Wolf".
three, the government owed huge interest on the same way, and these interest expenses eventually became a burden on the people. The people not only inexplicably mortgaged their future, but now they must pay taxes immediately to repay the interest of the government owed private central banks. The greater the circulation of the US dollar, the heavier the people's interest burden, and the past generations can never be paid off!
Step 2, when the federal government received the "Federal Reserve check" issued by the Federal Reserve, this magical check was deposited back to the Federal Reserve bank and changed into a change, becoming a "government savings" () On the Fed's account.
The third step, when the federal government began to spend money, the federal checks of large and small federal check constituted the "first wave" currency wave to the economy. The companies and individuals who received these checks kept them on their own commercial bank accounts, and the money became "commercial bank savings" (). At this time, they show "dual personality". On the one hand, they are banks' liabilities, because these money belongs to stores, and will be returned to others sooner or later. But on the other hand, they constitute the bank's "assets" and can be used for loan. Everything is balanced from the accounting account, and the same assets constitute the same liabilities. However, commercial banks began to use the "partial reserve" () high -twice large device to start preparing to "create" currencies.
The fourth step, commercial bank savings are re -classified as "bank reserves" () on bank accounts. At this time, these savings have been made through the "assets" of the bank to a "reserve" for money seeds. Under the "partial reserve" system, the Fed allows commercial banks to retain only 10%of its savings for "reserves" (generally speaking, Bank of America only retains 1%to 2%of the total savings cash and 8 %To 9%of bills are used as "reserve" in their own "vaults", and 90%of savings are loaned. As a result, 90%of the money will be used by banks to issue credit.
The problem is there. When 90%of the savings are loaned to others, what if the original storeders write checks or use money? In fact, when the loan occurs, these loans are not the original savings, but the "new money" created by nothing. These "new money" made the total currency owned by the bank an increase of 90%immediately than the "old money". Unlike "old money", "new money" can bring interest income to banks. This is the currency of the "second wave" to the economy. When the "second wave" currency returned to commercial banks, more waves of "new money" created, and its amount was decreasing. When the "20th waves" ended, a US dollar Treasury bonds have created a $ 10 currency circulation increase in the close coordination of the Fed and commercial banks. If the amount of currency circulation generated by the balance of national bonds and the surplus waves created by its currency is greater than the needs of economic growth, the purchasing power of all "old money" will decline, which is the root cause of inflation. When from 2001 to 2006, when the United States added a new US $ 3 trillion government bond, a considerable part of them directly entered the currency circulation, coupled with the redemption and interest payment of government bonds many years ago , Real estate, petroleum, education, medical care, insurance prices have risen sharply.
But most of the additional government bonds did not enter the banking system directly, but were purchased by foreign central banks, non -gold institutions in the United States, and individuals. In this case, these buyers spent the existence of the US dollar, so they did not "create" a new US dollar. Only when the Fed and the US banks buy U.S. Treasury bonds can new US dollars be generated, which is why the United States can temporarily control inflation. However, the national debt in the hands of non -American banks will sooner or later expire, and the interest will be paid once a year (30 years of national debt). At this time, the Fed will inevitably create a new US dollar.
[Edit this paragraph] The nature of the Federal Reserve
Although the founding of the United States for more than 200 years, the light is the history of currency, and it can be endless. Economics Milton Friedman's classic "History of American Monetary 1867-1960", more than 800 pages of the ocean, only talk about the summary of historical fragments, showing the complexity of economic and currency history.
1791 after the founding of the United States, with the strong support of the then Minister of Finance and genius, Hamilton, the first central bank was established, but the central bank disappeared 20 years later. The second central bank, which was then established in 1816, disappeared under the opposition of President Jackson in 1836. From the end of 1913, the US economy was running without the central bank.
A lack of central banks, it is impossible to use the appropriate monetary policy to adjust the economy, and without the last lender of Last Resort, the financial system is more likely to have problems. Imagine that if the central banks are lacking in the world, the bankruptcy in this crisis may be far more than the Lehman brothers. After 1836, the US economy was in this unstable state. By 1907, the spread of crisis pushed the US financial system to the edge of collapse. Fortunately, the financial giant J.P. Morgan at the time shot in time and played the role of the central bank with the power of one person to save the entire system.
In since, the US government and Congress felt even more needed for the establishment of a central bank. Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, and was signed by President Wilson to become formal laws. The Fed authorized the formation of central banks, and the Fed was officially born. This is the first fact to judge whether the Federal Reserve is a private institution: from the beginning of its establishment, the Federal Reserve was an institution established by the state legislation.
, but the Fed does have the illusion of private institutions. The entire Federal Reserve system consists of the core Federal Reserve Board and 12 branches around the country. These 12 branches are composed of local private commercial banks. At first glance, the Fed Branch is very similar to a joint -stock company. Why does this phenomenon occur? This needs to start from the history of the United States.
This I mentioned in the previous article that the birth of the United States is the result of compromising each other in 13 original British colonies. Therefore, the genes of this country are full of compromises in the interests of all parties. It is the result of the decision to fight against the United Kingdom. Come to election president is also the result of compromise. The generation of the Federal Act is naturally a result of a compromise.
In 1836, the banking industry in the United States was relatively free, and banks were opened everywhere. In 1920 after the founding of the Federal Reserve, the number of banks in the United States still reached 30,000, which was more than the number of other countries around the world. These banks have been free to accept the supervision of the central government for 80 years?
In in the United States, a bill must be passed, which requires senators and members from various places to vote for consent. A bill that does not compromise with the interests of various places cannot be passed. Each bank has their own senators and members of the members as spokespersons. Without most of the members' consent bills, the Fed system will be difficult to produce. As a result, as the election group system was designed in the Constitution, the Federal Reserve Act also designed a system to compromise with banks from various places.
In order to take into account the interests of private banks in various places, the bill divides the United States into 12 districts and establishes 12 Federal Reserve branches. The branch of the branch is participated in the shares of the local bank, and the board of directors of the branch will be elected by the shares of the bank, and the bank participation banks can also obtain dividends each year. This series of regulations is to take into account both local interests. Judging from these regulations, the Federal Reserve system does have a private illusion.
But the terms of the bill are far more than that. The Fed's highest rights agency is the Federal Reserve Commission and Federal Public Market Operation Commission (FOMC) in Washington. All 7 members of the former are appointed by the US President, including the chairman of the committee. FOMC is a Federal interest rate decision agency and consists of 12 members. Among them, 7 Federal Reserve members are FOMC's permanent members. They have an absolute majority advantage when voting voting. FOMC's five other members are chairman of the Fed Branch in turn. It should be pointed out that although the chairman of the branch was elected by the banks, the Federal Reserve Commission has the final veto of the appointment of the branch chairman.
In this shows that although the Fed's bill has compromised to local interests, the core rights of the Fed system are still firmly in the hands of the government. More importantly, although the bank's entry bank can get dividends, the interest rate of the limited dividend of the bill is 6%per year. The revenue of the Fed is excessive and needs to be transferred to the State Treasury. In addition, anyone with common sense knows that only government agencies can end with Gov on the website.
The above explanation, first, the Federal Reserve is an institution that was established after compromising local interests, and it is indeed privatized by equity. It is believed that it is the central bank of the United States; third, the Federal Reserve Act stipulates that the Fed's responsibility is to maintain the normal operation of the economy and maintain the price stable. It is also serving the private company. The bill also guarantees that the Fed's operation is independent of the government. Control the central bank's currency issuance and monetary policy to ensure the relative independence of the currency and financial system. (It should be noted that the "issuance mortgage" system is implemented in US currency issuance. By providing 100%qualified mortgage, the issuance of federal reserve coupons has become an economic issuance with sufficient guarantee. At the same time, it is not based on the limit stipulated in advance. It has considerable elasticity. The biggest feature of the US currency issuance system is that the independence is extremely strong.)

3 thoughts on “wholesale costume jewelry sets Why can the Fed's acquisition of government bonds stimulate the credit market?”

Tricia
November 29, 2022 at 10:18 pm

wholesale indian costume jewelry To put it simply, the interest is low, everyone goes to borrow money,
The Federal Reserve System (FED) is responsible for fulfilling the duties of the Central Bank of the United States. This system is based on the Federal Reserve Law ( Federal Reserve Act was established in 1913. This system is mainly composed of the Federal Reserve Committee, Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Public Marketing Committee.
The main responsibilities
1. Formulate and responsible for implementing relevant monetary policies;
2. Supervisor the banking institutions and protect consumers' legal credit rights;
. Maintain finance The stability of the system;
4. The US government, the public, financial institutions, and foreign institutions provide reliable financial services.
[Edit this paragraph] The Federal Reserve Board
's core institutions of the federal reserve system are the Federal Reserve Board (Fed (Federal Reserve; its full name is The Board of the Federal Reserve System, that is, the Federation The reserve system management committee can also be called the federal reserve system council), which is a federal government agency, and its office is located in Washington, USA (D.C.). The committee consists of seven members (including one chairman and one vice chairman and five members). For four years, it can be re -elected).
[Edit this paragraph] The basic functions of the Federal Reserve
1. Three main means (open market operation, stipulate bank reserve ratio, and approve the discount rate required by federal reserve banks) to achieve related currencies) to achieve related currencies Policies;
. Supervision, guide the activities of various federal reserve banks;
3. Supervisory American banks, and member banks overseas activities and foreign bank activities in the United States;
4 2. Approve the budget and expenses of various federal reserves banks;
5. Three of the nine directors of each federal reserve bank;
6. Approval of the reserve bank governor nominated by the board of directors of various federal reserve banks Candidates;
7. Exercise the right to serve as a national payment system;
8. The implementation of relevant laws responsible for protecting consumer credit;
9. According to "Hamfle. The Humphrey Hawkins Act regulations, reports to Congress on February 20 and July 20 each year (similar to the semi -annual report);
10. Through various publications through various publications Detailed statistical data to the public announcement of the federal reserve system and the state's economic operation status, such as the annual Federal Reserve Bulletin through the first month of the federal reserve system (Federal Reserve Bulletin); Report (requiring public accounting firms for public nature) and budget reports (requiring audit from the General Administration of Audit of the United States);
12. In addition, the chairman of the committee also needs to hold related meetings with the US President and Finance Minister in time and timely time Report the relevant situation and fulfill your duties in international affairs.
[Edit this paragraph] Federal Reserve Bank
The 12 federal reserve banks of the federal reserve banking area as the central bank system for the central bank system of Congress. , Divide 12 reserve areas across the country, set up a federal reserve bank branch in each district. Each regional reserve bank is a legal person and has its own board of directors. Member banks are private banks in the United States. Except for national banks that must be member banks, whether the remaining banks have joined all depending on voluntary. Joining the federal reserve system will provide guarantees for the private deposits of member banks, but a certain amount of deposit reserves must be paid. For this part of the funds, the federal reserve system will not pay interest.
Prior to campaign presidents of Clinton, the Federal Reserve has used the "only pole" of monetary policy to regulate the economy, that is, the determination of determination of currency supply as the main means to regulate the economy, and formally decided to revise every 6 months every 6 months. Currency supply target. In the afternoon and July, the Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan suddenly announced that in the future, the actual interest rate is the main means to regulate the economy in the future. It is difficult to be included in the amount of currency supply. The inevitable connection between the money supply and economic growth is broken, so the "neutral" monetary policy prompts the interest rate level to maintain neutrality. The economy is neither stimulating nor suppressing the effect, so that the economy will grow under low inflation expectations with its own potential growth rate and further investigate. The Federal Reserve is based on the actual annual economic growth rate as the main basis for adjusting interest rates, and all policy arrangements are based on reverse thinking as the basic starting point. The Fed believes that the average annual growth rate of US labor power is 1.5 % and the average annual growth rate of productivity is 1 %. Therefore, the potential annual economic growth rate of the United States is about 2.5 %. Basically stable at about 2.5 %. To relieve the worries of inflation.
[Edit this paragraph] The Federal Public Marketing Committee
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).
The Federal Public Marketing Committee is another important institution in the federal reserve system. It consists of twelve members, including: seven members of the Federal Reserve Committee, and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The other four places are taken turns to take turns of the governor of the other 11 federal reserve banks. The committee has a chairman (usually chairman of the Federal Reserve Committee), and a vice chairman (usually the president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank). The meeting, but there is no right to vote.
The main tasks of the Federal Open Market Committee are using open market operations (one of the main monetary policies) to some extent affect the reserves of currencies on the market. In addition, it is also responsible for determining the scope of the growth of total currency (that is, the number of currency newly invested in the market) and guide the federal reserve banks in the foreign exchange market.
The main decisions of this committee must be voted through a discussion meeting. They hold eight routine meetings in Washington Special Economic Zone each year. Usually, it is mainly related to the negotiation of the call meeting. Of course, special meetings can also be held if necessary.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction of the Federal Reserve nThe Federal Reserve (FED) is the highest monetary policy authority in the United States. It is responsible for custody of commercial bank reserves, loans to commercial banks and issuing federal reserve coupons. FED is divided into three layers of organizations, with a maximum of councils. Below is a member bank of 12 federal reserves and various reserve banks.
The Federal Reserve Agency takes "independence" and "checks and balances" as the basic principle. In terms of checks and balances, the seven directors of the bureau (including the chairman and vice chairman) are nominated by the president and must be approved by the Senate. For the resolutions of monetary policy, such as raising or lowering the discount rate, adopting the withdrawal and voting system, one person and one vote, and for the "recorded voting", the chairman's vote is usually voted to the most of the original party. Although the president can master the nominations of the directors, the chairman, and vice chairman, the term of office is 14 years, and the term of office may be up to the five presidents at most.
Is in terms of independence, FED is the most praised by personnel independence and budget independence. In addition to the council, there is also a Federal Public Market Operation Committee (FOMC). The authorization operation of foreign exchange operations and foreign exchange operation procedures for foreign exchange operations.
Due to the strong position of the US dollar in the international currency market, the Federal Reserve's intervention in the foreign exchange market has attracted much attention from the foreign exchange market. When the yen rises due to the trade surplus, if the Bank of Japan wants to successfully interfere with the foreign exchange market, it is best to get the assistance and cooperation of the Fed.
The Federal Reserve Bureau is also the head of the US monetary policy. Since October 1993, the US economic prosperity has risen rapidly, which has a risk of inflation. ) Without public opinion and political pressure, seven consecutive increases and re -discount rates have made the US economy successfully landing and exempting the threat of inflation.
is not an exaggeration. To this day, few economists may know that the Fed is actually a private central bank. The so -called "Federal Reserve Bank" is actually neither "federal", nor "reserves", nor "banks". Most Chinese government officials may take it for granted that the US government issued the US dollar. The actual situation is that the US government does not have monetary issuance at all! After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, the US government eventually lost the only "silver dollar" issuance right. If the U.S. government wants to get the US dollar, it must mortgage the future taxes (Treasury bonds) of the American people to the private Federal Reserve to issue the "Federal Reserve Voucher" by the Federal Reserve. This is the "US dollar".
[Edit this paragraph] Other Federal Federal
For many years, who has the Federal Reserve has always been a taboo topic. The Federal Reserve is always self -stating. Like the Bank of England, the Federal Reserve strictly keeps secrets on shareholders.
The member Wright Patman () as the chairman of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Monetary Committee for 40 years. In 20 years, he has continuously proposed to abolish the Federal Reserve. He has been trying to find out who owns the Fed Essence This secret was finally discovered, and the author of "The Secret of the Federal Reserve", Yusteas, finally got the original business license () of 12 Federal Reserve bank after nearly half a century, which clearly recorded each Federal Reserve. Bank shares composition.
Fed the Federal Reserve New York is the actual controller of the Federal Reserve system. It recorded the total number of shares of the shares of 203053 shares on May 19, 1914, which: Rockefeller and Kunrebo Under the control of the company, the New York City State Bank (), the predecessor of Citibank, has the most shares and holds 30,000 shares; JP Morgan's First National Bank () has 15,000 shares; when the two companies merged in 1955, it was merged into a consolidation into a merger in 1955. After Citi Bank, it has nearly a quarter of the Bank of New York Bank of New York. It actually determines the Federal Reserve Chairman's candidate. Essence
The National Commercial Bank of New York () of Paul Wryberg () has 21,000 shares; Hanover Bank (), a director of the Roscard family, has 10,200 shares; Chase Bank () has 6,000 shares; Hanhua Bank () owns 6,000 shares; these six banks hold a total of 40%of the Federal Reserve New York Bank. By 1983, they had a total of 53%of the shares. After the adjustment, their shareholding ratio is: Citi Bank 15%, Grand Chase Manhattan 14%, JP Morgan Trust () 9%, Hanover manufacturing () 7%, Hanhua Bank () 8%.
The registered capital of the Federal Reserve New York Bank is $ 433 million. Whether these banks have paid this money are still a mystery. Some historians believe that they have only paid half of their cash, while others believe that they have not issued any cash at all, but only paid with a check, and only a few numbers of numbers on their own Federal Reserve accounts have changed the account Just, the operation of the Federal Reserve is actually "paid with paper". No wonder some historians ridicule the federal reserve banking system are neither "federal" nor "reserves" nor banks.
On June 15, 1978, the US Senate Government Affairs Committee () issued a report on the interaction problem of the interests of major US companies. There are 3.6 directors in each major company in each major company. Among them, Citi Bank controlled 97 directors; JP Morgan controlled 99; Hanhua Bank controlled 96; Datong Manhattan controlled 89; Hanover manufactured 89.
On September 3, 1914, when the New York Times sold shares at the Federal Reserve, the composition of major banks shares: New York City National Bank issued 2,500,000 shares, Jims Steelman owned 47498 shares; JP; JP; JP Morgan 14500; William Rockefeller 10,000 shares; John Rockefeller 1,750 shares; the State Commercial Bank of New York issued 2,500,000 shares, George Baker owned 10,000 shares; JP Morgan 7800 shares; Mary Harriman 5650 shares; Paul Wobberg 3,000 shares; 1,000 shares of Jacob. Datong Bank, George Baker has 13,408 shares. Hanover Bank, James Steelman has 4,000 shares; William Rockefeller 1540 shares.
Since the establishment of the United States Federal Reserve in 1913, the irrefutable facts show that bankers have manipulated US financial life pulse, industrial and commercial life pulse, and political lifeblood. In the past, this is still the case. These Wall Street bankers are closely linked to the Roscard family in London.
The unknown federal consulting committee
The federal consulting committee is a secret remote control device carefully designed by Paul Werberg to control the Fed's board of directors. In the operation of the Fed for more than 90 years, the Federal Consulting Commission has excellently realized Paul's concept that year. Few people have noticed the operation of this institution and its operation, and there are no large number of literatures to study.
In 1913 Grass's concept of vigorously promoting the federal consulting committee in the House of Representatives, he said: "There is no evil thing in it. A member represents the Federal Reserve area where we are. Can we still protect the public's interests more than this arrangement? "Member Glas himself is a banker himself. He has not explained or provided any evidence to show that the banker has protected it in the history of the United States. Pass the public's interests.
Fed the Federal Consultation Committee consisting of 12 Federal Reserve banks selected one representative. They talk to members of the Federal Reserve Board four times a year in Washington, DC, and banks propose to the Federal Reserve directors' "suggestions" of various monetary policies. Each banker represents the economic interests of the region, and each has the same voting rights. It is theoretically impeccable, but in the fierce and cruel reality of the banking industry, it is completely another set of "hidden rules". It is difficult to imagine that a Cincinnatti small banker and international financial giants such as Paul Volberg and JP Morgan sit at a conference table and make "suggestions for monetary policy" to these giants? Any one of the two giants can just find two checks from their pockets to make two strokes enough to make this small banking family out of their homes. In fact, the survival of each small and medium -sized bank in the 12 Federal Reserve regions depends entirely on the gifts of the five major bank giants on Wall Street. "Satellite Bank" goes to handle, and "Satellite Bank" naturally has a better post -ears to get these high returns, and the five giants also have these small banks' shares. When these small banks and five giants sit in one place to explore the US monetary policy, they do not need too much imagination to know the results of the discussion.
Hir, there is no mandatory binding force on the Fed's directors' decisions of the Federal Reserve's "Suggestions", but the Wall Street Five Giants ran to Washington four times a year. They would not drink coffee with several Federal Reserve. You know, if they are super busy with directors like Morgan, if their "suggestions" are not considered, and they still have to run back and forth, it is really strange.
The debt dollar is "refined"
The non -financial professional readers may need to read the following content repeatedly in order to fully understand the "money -making process" of the Fed and banking institutions. This is the core "commercial secret" of the Western financial industry.
Ilads that the U.S. government does not issue coins, and only if the debt is issued, and then uses government bonds to the private Central Bank of the Federal Reserve for mortgage, can we issue currencies through the Fed and commercial banking systems, so the source of the US dollar is on government bonds.
The first step, Congress approves the scale of government bonds. The Ministry of Finance designed the national bond into different types of bonds. Among them, the one-year period is called T-Bills (). The age is called T-Bonds. These bonds are auctioned in the open market at different times at different frequencies. The Ministry of Finance finally sent all the Treasury bonds that were not sold in the auction and trading to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve was received in full. At this time, the Fed's account recorded these Treasury bonds under the "securities assets" () item.
The because the US government is mortgaged by the US government in the future, it is considered to be the "most reliable asset" in the world. When the Federal Reserve has received this "asset", it can use it to generate a liability, which is the "Federal Reserve check" printed by the Federal Reserve. This is the key step of "omnipotent". Behind the first check from the Federal Reserve, there is no money to support this "empty check".
This is a step of exquisite design and camouflage. Its existence makes it easier for government auction bonds to control "supply and demand". Show a large number of marks of printing money. The Federal Reserve, which is obviously a white wolf, turned out to be completely balanced on the accounting account. The "assets" of government bonds are equal to the "liabilities" of currencies. The entire banking system is cleverly wrapped under this shell.
This is a simple and vital step, creating the biggest unfair in the world. The people's future taxes were mortgaged by the government to private central banks to "borrow" US dollars. Because they "borrowed money" from private banks, the government owed huge interest. Its unfair body is now:
. The people's future tax should not be mortgaged, because the money has not been earned, and the mortgage future will inevitably lead to depreciation of the currency purchasing power, which will hurt the people's savings.
. The people's future tax should not be mortgaged to the private central bank. Baseders suddenly have the promise of the people's future tax in the case of almost no money. Wolf".
three, the government owed huge interest on the same way, and these interest expenses eventually became a burden on the people. The people not only inexplicably mortgaged their future, but now they must pay taxes immediately to repay the interest of the government owed private central banks. The greater the circulation of the US dollar, the heavier the people's interest burden, and the past generations can never be paid off!
Step 2, when the federal government received the "Federal Reserve check" issued by the Federal Reserve, this magical check was deposited back to the Federal Reserve bank and changed into a change, becoming a "government savings" () On the Fed's account.
The third step, when the federal government began to spend money, the federal checks of large and small federal check constituted the "first wave" currency wave to the economy. The companies and individuals who received these checks kept them on their own commercial bank accounts, and the money became "commercial bank savings" (). At this time, they show "dual personality". On the one hand, they are banks' liabilities, because these money belongs to stores, and will be returned to others sooner or later. But on the other hand, they constitute the bank's "assets" and can be used for loan. Everything is balanced from the accounting account, and the same assets constitute the same liabilities. However, commercial banks began to use the "partial reserve" () high -twice large device to start preparing to "create" currencies.
The fourth step, commercial bank savings are re -classified as "bank reserves" () on bank accounts. At this time, these savings have been made through the "assets" of the bank to a "reserve" for money seeds. Under the "partial reserve" system, the Fed allows commercial banks to retain only 10%of its savings for "reserves" (generally speaking, Bank of America only retains 1%to 2%of the total savings cash and 8 %To 9%of bills are used as "reserve" in their own "vaults", and 90%of savings are loaned. As a result, 90%of the money will be used by banks to issue credit.
The problem is there. When 90%of the savings are loaned to others, what if the original storeders write checks or use money? In fact, when the loan occurs, these loans are not the original savings, but the "new money" created by nothing. These "new money" made the total currency owned by the bank an increase of 90%immediately than the "old money". Unlike "old money", "new money" can bring interest income to banks. This is the currency of the "second wave" to the economy. When the "second wave" currency returned to commercial banks, more waves of "new money" created, and its amount was decreasing. When the "20th waves" ended, a US dollar Treasury bonds have created a $ 10 currency circulation increase in the close coordination of the Fed and commercial banks. If the amount of currency circulation generated by the balance of national bonds and the surplus waves created by its currency is greater than the needs of economic growth, the purchasing power of all "old money" will decline, which is the root cause of inflation. When from 2001 to 2006, when the United States added a new US $ 3 trillion government bond, a considerable part of them directly entered the currency circulation, coupled with the redemption and interest payment of government bonds many years ago , Real estate, petroleum, education, medical care, insurance prices have risen sharply.
But most of the additional government bonds did not enter the banking system directly, but were purchased by foreign central banks, non -gold institutions in the United States, and individuals. In this case, these buyers spent the existence of the US dollar, so they did not "create" a new US dollar. Only when the Fed and the US banks buy U.S. Treasury bonds can new US dollars be generated, which is why the United States can temporarily control inflation. However, the national debt in the hands of non -American banks will sooner or later expire, and the interest will be paid once a year (30 years of national debt). At this time, the Fed will inevitably create a new US dollar.
[Edit this paragraph] The nature of the Federal Reserve
Although the founding of the United States for more than 200 years, the light is the history of currency, and it can be endless. Economics Milton Friedman's classic "History of American Monetary 1867-1960", more than 800 pages of the ocean, only talk about the summary of historical fragments, showing the complexity of economic and currency history.
1791 after the founding of the United States, with the strong support of the then Minister of Finance and genius, Hamilton, the first central bank was established, but the central bank disappeared 20 years later. The second central bank, which was then established in 1816, disappeared under the opposition of President Jackson in 1836. From the end of 1913, the US economy was running without the central bank.
A lack of central banks, it is impossible to use the appropriate monetary policy to adjust the economy, and without the last lender of Last Resort, the financial system is more likely to have problems. Imagine that if the central banks are lacking in the world, the bankruptcy in this crisis may be far more than the Lehman brothers. After 1836, the US economy was in this unstable state. By 1907, the spread of crisis pushed the US financial system to the edge of collapse. Fortunately, the financial giant J.P. Morgan at the time shot in time and played the role of the central bank with the power of one person to save the entire system.
In since, the US government and Congress felt even more needed for the establishment of a central bank. Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, and was signed by President Wilson to become formal laws. The Fed authorized the formation of central banks, and the Fed was officially born. This is the first fact to judge whether the Federal Reserve is a private institution: from the beginning of its establishment, the Federal Reserve was an institution established by the state legislation.
, but the Fed does have the illusion of private institutions. The entire Federal Reserve system consists of the core Federal Reserve Board and 12 branches around the country. These 12 branches are composed of local private commercial banks. At first glance, the Fed Branch is very similar to a joint -stock company. Why does this phenomenon occur? This needs to start from the history of the United States.
This I mentioned in the previous article that the birth of the United States is the result of compromising each other in 13 original British colonies. Therefore, the genes of this country are full of compromises in the interests of all parties. It is the result of the decision to fight against the United Kingdom. Come to election president is also the result of compromise. The generation of the Federal Act is naturally a result of a compromise.
In 1836, the banking industry in the United States was relatively free, and banks were opened everywhere. In 1920 after the founding of the Federal Reserve, the number of banks in the United States still reached 30,000, which was more than the number of other countries around the world. These banks have been free to accept the supervision of the central government for 80 years?
In in the United States, a bill must be passed, which requires senators and members from various places to vote for consent. A bill that does not compromise with the interests of various places cannot be passed. Each bank has their own senators and members of the members as spokespersons. Without most of the members' consent bills, the Fed system will be difficult to produce. As a result, as the election group system was designed in the Constitution, the Federal Reserve Act also designed a system to compromise with banks from various places.
In order to take into account the interests of private banks in various places, the bill divides the United States into 12 districts and establishes 12 Federal Reserve branches. The branch of the branch is participated in the shares of the local bank, and the board of directors of the branch will be elected by the shares of the bank, and the bank participation banks can also obtain dividends each year. This series of regulations is to take into account both local interests. Judging from these regulations, the Federal Reserve system does have a private illusion.
But the terms of the bill are far more than that. The Fed's highest rights agency is the Federal Reserve Commission and Federal Public Market Operation Commission (FOMC) in Washington. All 7 members of the former are appointed by the US President, including the chairman of the committee. FOMC is a Federal interest rate decision agency and consists of 12 members. Among them, 7 Federal Reserve members are FOMC's permanent members. They have an absolute majority advantage when voting voting. FOMC's five other members are chairman of the Fed Branch in turn. It should be pointed out that although the chairman of the branch was elected by the banks, the Federal Reserve Commission has the final veto of the appointment of the branch chairman.
In this shows that although the Fed's bill has compromised to local interests, the core rights of the Fed system are still firmly in the hands of the government. More importantly, although the bank's entry bank can get dividends, the interest rate of the limited dividend of the bill is 6%per year. The revenue of the Fed is excessive and needs to be transferred to the State Treasury. In addition, anyone with common sense knows that only government agencies can end with Gov on the website.
The above explanation, first, the Federal Reserve is an institution that was established after compromising local interests, and it is indeed privatized by equity. It is believed that it is the central bank of the United States; third, the Federal Reserve Act stipulates that the Fed's responsibility is to maintain the normal operation of the economy and maintain the price stable. It is also serving the private company. The bill also guarantees that the Fed's operation is independent of the government. Control the central bank's currency issuance and monetary policy to ensure the relative independence of the currency and financial system. (It should be noted that the "issuance mortgage" system is implemented in US currency issuance. By providing 100%qualified mortgage, the issuance of federal reserve coupons has become an economic issuance with sufficient guarantee. At the same time, it is not based on the limit stipulated in advance. It has considerable elasticity. The biggest feature of the US currency issuance system is that the independence is extremely strong.)

Log in to Reply
Hattie
November 29, 2022 at 10:18 pm

costume wholesale jewelry nyc The biggest holders of government bonds are banks such as banks

The Fed's acquisition of government bonds means that the bank has exchanged national debt to money, which increases the money in the bank's hands, so that the bank has the money to lend loans. , The financial crisis caused a large amount of losses in the United States. The money was not available. I dare not lend casually. The credit market frozen

In fact, it is not just government bonds. The Fed also acquired 700 billion mortgage securities. This This is the most important one.

Log in to Reply
Jack
November 29, 2022 at 10:18 pm

gold plated alloy jewelry wholesale Come to occupy a position, learn

Log in to Reply

3 thoughts on “wholesale costume jewelry sets Why can the Fed's acquisition of government bonds stimulate the credit market?”

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply